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顯示從 2015 起發佈的文章

《資本的衝動——世界深層矛盾根源》書評

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作者: 李逆熵 出版:香港經濟日報 主體: 經濟;社會 初版:2014 ISBN:9789626788448 本書頭兩部分探討了人類的經濟活動歷史,藉描述早期的市場交易、貨幣的使用,到資本主義制度的崛起,它的自我膨脹邏輯與及對環境的禍害等,從中批判現代資本主義。作者嘗試從馬克思的理論出發,分析資本主義的利弊,並於書中最後一部分提出了一些大膽的設想,刺激大家去思考改變的可能性。 書中除了闡釋馬克思的理論,還引述了其他知名的社會/經濟學家如布羅岱爾(Braundel)、佛利民、皮克提(Piketty)、海耶克、波蘭尼(Polanyi)等人的著作,以貫穿整本書的主題。誠然,它提供了一個宏觀,縱合古今、橫貫中西方的角度去了解資本主義在我們世界所扮演的角色,非常適合作為這題目的導讀;但馬克思的理論畢竟很抽象,有些地方很含糊,要以此說服主流的新經典經濟學支持者,恐怕還需要更加嚴謹的論証。 例如,我認為馬克思對剩餘價值的概念便有斟酌的地方:他背後假設了工人的集體勞動價值是簡單的線性疊加,10個工人的集體勞動產出就是這10個人獨立勞動產出的總和,因此才會得出資本家的利潤必然建立在對工人剝削這結論上。但很明顯,公司成立的邏輯便是藉著規模經濟(economy of scale)和分工合作,把利潤最大化,故此10個人的集體勞動價值很可能大於他們獨立勞動的總和,而資本家的利潤理論上可以建立在這些額外的產出中而不構成剝削。當然,現實也可能不是這樣,但這是馬克思的中心思想,要他的理論成立這點必須要站得住腳才成。 縱然如此,正如筆者在序言中寫道:「你可能不同意我的觀點,但我十分肯定,在你反覆思索及提出反駁的觀點期間,你必會對這個世界的理解加深不少。」只要本書能啟發讀者在這議題上思考,無論他們認同與否,這本書的目的已經達到了。 注:經過數個月的苦幹,我終於在7月把全書翻譯成英文,並和李博士修編了一些地方,放在 亞馬遜網上書店 發售,書名為 The Urge of Capital ,請支持一下!

Book Review - Outliers: The Story of Success

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Author:       Malcolm Gladwell Subject:       Successful people Publisher:   Little Brown & Co., New York Year:           2008 ISBN:          9780316017930 Despite easy to read, I think the book does not convey many new ideas as to what makes people succeed. The nexus of the book is that successful people, no matter how gifted, do not make things by themselves; rather they owe a big part of it to the conducive environment in which they are in. Therefore we should not totally take in the notion of "self-made billionaires/innovators" but instead look carefully how their surroundings have assisted them in making their achievement. Though the stories flow well, I think the whole thesis is no much different from the notion of fundamental attribution error we learnt from psychology classes. The fact that we tend to make internal attribution to explain the people's behavior is well researched. We like doing so because it is simpler to make these inferences than

Book review - The mind of a mnemonist: a little book about a vast memory

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Author:        Aleksandr R.  Luria Subject:       Memory,  synesthesia Year:           1987 Publisher :   Harvard UP,  Cambridge, MA ISBN:    0674576225 A very interesting case of a man who has seemingly unlimited capacity of memory. It is greatly appreciated that the author, psychologist Luria, did all these observations and experiments at a time where all the modern technology, such as fMRI, EEG etc. were all unavailable. Although the case was centred around the man's extraordinary memory, it also described other aspects of his life, in particular his synesthesia. Overall, it gives a lot of insight about what could happen to a person if his cognitive function runs wild.  On the down side, some part of the book was quite difficult to read, possibility due to the translation as well as the writing style at the time.

Existential Depression in Gifted Individuals

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The persistence of memory ( Salvador Dalí, 1931) [The following article was written by James T. Webb on the website of Supporting the Emotional Needs of the Gifted (SNEG)  in 2011. Please click here for the original article.] It has been my experience that gifted and talented persons are more likely to experience a type of depression referred to as existential depression. Although an episode of existential depression may be precipitated in anyone by a major loss or the threat of a loss which highlights the transient nature of life, persons of higher intellectual ability are more prone to experience existential depression spontaneously. Sometimes this existential depression is tied into the positive disintegration experience referred to by Dabrowski (1996). Existential depression is a depression that arises when an individual confronts certain basic issues of existence. Yalom (1980) describes four such issues (or “ultimate concerns”)–death, freedom, isolation and meanin

Cassandra

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We often conceive of the Trojan horse as a story of courage and trickery, but buried there too is a darker aspect. Cassandra, the princess of Troy, embodies the character of a classic Greek tragedy as she struggles against her own unalterable fate. As the royal heir to the city of Troy, Cassandra got her prophetic ability from Apollo, who offered the beautiful princess her prophetic flair in the hope of sleeping with her. When she refused his advances, Apollo was enraged and took away her ability to make people believe her prophecies. As the fighting broke out in Troy, the combination of an ability to see the future and an inability to convince people of what she saw, made a perfect recipe for a cursed fate. Well aware of the soldiers inside, Cassandra tried in vain to persuade her countrymen not to bring the wooden horse within the city's walls – and hence the famous consequence. Not only was she unable to convince her fellows of what was about to happen, it is also easy

《政治的道德──從自由主義的觀點看》書評

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作者: 周保松 主題: 政治哲學 出版: 香港中文大學 初版:2014 ISBN: 9789629965884 「每個公民,每個自由平等的公民,都有要求得到國家公正對待的權利。這是人作為社會成員最基本的道德權利。這不是乞求,也不是施捨,而是國家對待公民的基本責任。人一旦意識到這項權利並努力捍衛這項權利時,國家便不能只靠暴力來統治,而必須訴諸道德理由來向公民證明其統治的正當性。」 周保松在《政治的道德──從自由主義的觀點看》一書的引言中開宗明義、擲地有聲地表明政治哲學存在的理由──他不認為政治是純粹的權力和利益遊戲(即所謂的 realpolitik ),而應該包含道德的成分;而他的道德立腳點,便是建基於羅爾斯( John Rawls )的自由主義和《正義論》。書中一個很重要的訊息是:作者指出了他相信的自由主義,並不是以絕對資本主義為基礎、信奉市場萬能的「放任自由主義( libertarianism )」,而是一種能夠同時彰顯自由與平等的「自由人的平等政治」,或是所謂的「左翼自由主義( liberalism )」。 這是一個在現今社會十分重要的觀點。當每個人都把「自由」、「平等」、「正義」這些口號掛在口邊的時候,又有多少人認真地把自己對這些概念的認知審視一遍,然後有原則地貫徹這些理念?周嚴謹地論證他所相信的自由主義,在在就是希望透過這些論證,批判現時主流社會的放任自由主義並不能帶來真正的平等。首先,他認為自由主義不能拼棄平等,他在書中所言如下:「如果自由主義真的被詮釋為一套不重視平等和社會正義的理論,那它不謹嚴重背離了自由主義傳統,同時也會在理論上沒有任何道德吸引力。過去數百年來,無論在概念上還是實踐上,自由主義一直視平等為核心價值,並以此作為它的主要政治網領...」因此,「左派和右派之爭,根本不應視為平等與自由之爭,而應視為要什麼樣的平等和什麼樣的自由之爭。如果右派拱手將平等讓給左派,甚至對平等的理念避之則吉,那麼他們將難以證成自己所追求的政治目標,同時無法回應今天中國政府、經濟和社會領域出現的巨大不平等和不公正。」(見《自序》第 xviii 頁) 在提出了自由主義不能放棄平等後,作者繼而論證放任自由主義並不能帶來平等:「在一個以私有財產權為基礎的商品社會,金錢是使人能免於法律限制而去做許多事的必要條件,因此富人其實較窮人享有更多的自由

《匱乏經濟學:為什麼老是在趕deadline?》書評

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作者: Sendhil Mullainathan; Eldar Shafir 主題: 行為經濟學 出版:台北遠流 初版:2015 ISBN:9789573275541 《匱乏經濟學》(原名Scarcity:Why having too little means so much) 是一本關於行為經濟學的入門書,由一位經濟學家和一位心理學家合著。它主要講述人們在感到匱乏時會做出的一些非理性行為,而這種匱乏感不只限於金錢,也包括食物、社交等方面,它們背後都有著大致相同的運作機制。它指出傳統經濟學認為人們是理性動物,會做出理性的抉擇(即所謂的 homo economicus ),但實際當人們面對 匱乏時,他們的思考能力(書中稱為「認知頻寛」,cognitive bandwidth)會受到影響,從而作出不是最適當的決定。 這些決定,往往會導致資源更加匱乏,最後落入惡性循環之中。透過不同的認知實驗,書中證明這種影響可能在意識層面下運作,使當時人受到影響也不自知。 儘管書中聲稱這些是嶄新的概念,但其實行為經濟學已經被提出了一段時間,並不能稱得上是石破天驚的想法。倒是書中引述作者和同伴做的一些實驗室內受控或現實場景的實驗,結果誇張之程度令人為之驚訝:例如同一個人在感到貧窮與否的時候,智商足足可以有一個標準差的分別。這些有趣的發現,再次證明了環境對人的影響力量往住比旁觀者看到的更大,也再次反駁傳統資本主義裡認為人們貧窮是因為愚蠢、懶惰等等的內在因素(fundamental attribution error),並提出一些讓扶貧更有效的方法。

Book Review - Prosperity without Growth: Economics for a Finite Planet

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Author:        Tim Jackson Subject:       S ustainable development Publisher:    Earthscan,  London Year:            2011 ISBN:            9781849713238 Although the importance of sustainable development needs not be explained any further, there are many different ideas as to how to tackle the problem.  In the his book, the author explains pretty succinctly that from the historical data, the so-called "decoupling" of economic growth is not significant enough to make an impact in the dire challenged of climate change. On the other hand, the only way out is to challenge the fundamental concept of "eternal economic growth".  The issue goes beyond environmental issues into economic and social factors - the core values of sustainability. I hope the writer can write a sequel to discuss some new ideas and progress made during the past few years after this publication.

The man who mistook David for Brad

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(N.B. This article was originally published in the April 2015 issue of the Mensa World Journal , the official publication of Mensa International.) In the comic Naruto , there is a character who cannot remember other people's faces, and he is usually being made fun out of that. It may well be that this idea stemmed from somebody whom the author had encountered. Indeed, there is a formal medical term for this disability in the real world – prosopagnosia . Prosopagnosia, or face blindness in laymen terms, is a condition where individuals have difficulties in identifying people's faces. Of course, everybody has some problems with remembering faces at times, so the condition can be understood as performing below a certain threshold of a spectrum of varying degrees of facial recognition abilities. However, if you are prosopagnosiac you would easily have problems with following the dialogues of protagonists in a movie, and rely heavily on non-facial features such as hair style,

把大衛當做布拉德的人

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(註:本文原為本人於台灣 國立自然科學博物館文教基金會 所舉辦之 「 2015科普寫作網路平台」活動中投稿之文章,可在 這裡 參閲。) 在曰本漫畫《火影忍者》裏面,有一個不能夠記得其他人臉孔的角色,他常常給其他人取笑。很有可能作者是從生活當中遇到的人找到靈感。的而者確,在現實世界中真的有這一個奇怪的醫學現象存在:「臉盲」。  「面孔辨識能力缺乏症」,或一般俗稱的「臉盲症」,是一個患者對辨認人臉有困難的病症。當然,每一個人都會有記不住人臉的時候,所以這症狀可以理解成在臉孔辨認能力的頻譜當中表現低於某一個標準。現實中的情况是,如果你是臉盲的話,你會很容易會在跟進電影角色的對白時感到吃力,而且會非常依賴其他非臉部的特徵如頭髮、體型和聲音去分辨不同的人。一旦這些特徵被掩蓋的話,你就會在五里迷霧當中。更甚的是,這病說的辨認人臉可以泛指所有人,包括自己的家人在内。在最嚴重的案例裡,臉盲症患者甚至不能夠辨認鏡中的自己——這便是著名神經科學家 Dr. Oliver Sacks 的狀況。諷刺的是,他自己寫了一本叫《錯把太太當帽子的人》(原英文書名 The man who mistook his wife for a hat ),裡面講述包括臉盲在內十多個奇怪的神經病例。如果你對這病好奇的話,可以到 youtube 裡面找美國著名節目 60 minutes 關於此病的專輯。  一般來說,臉盲症患者擁有不低於正常人的智商、記憶力和視覺能力,他們只是在辨認人臉這一特定任務裡有困難(不過有文獻指出部分人在認路或是辨認物件如汽車型號也有問題 1 )。根據功能性磁力共振造影素描(fMRI)的實驗發現,臉盲症患者一個位於大腦顳葉、稱為梭狀回(fusiform gyrus)的地方在辨認人臉時的活躍程度比一般人低 2 。從這一現象推斷,人臉的辨識功能個獨立於一般的視覺處理,因此才會產生臉盲這種特别的知認知障礙。  其實,醫學文獻裡面對面部辨識能力缺乏症的敘述已經超過五十年。在這些案例裡邊,人們在腦部受傷之後喪失了辨認他們身邊親密的人樣貌的能力。可是,一直到最近這病症才被發現有可能是先天遺傳,而且出符意料地普遍——根據統計,大約2%的人口有不同程度的臉盲症狀 3 。當中有研究指出,這是一種「體染色體顯性遺傳」,即由第一至二十二對(不包括第二十三對)染色體其中一條帶有臉盲